Commodore Computer C16 Manual de usuario descargar pdf (Pagina 7)

ROM

The C-16's ROM consists of three main parts: BASIC, TEDMON and KERNAL. BASIC is a

Basic interpreter, which can run Basic programs stored in RAM. TEDMON is a

machine language monitor for manipulating memory and writing short machine

language programs. KERNAL is not a single runnable program, but a collection of

system routines arranged as a Jump Table. The Plus/4 also includes a built in

software package called "3-plus-1" that includes word processing, spread sheet,

business graphics and a database.

HOW TO ACCESS ROM PROGRAMS?

BASIC is the primary user interface and it starts automatically when

power is turned on. The secondary user interface is TEDMON, which can be

entered by holding down the Reset button when turning the computer on.

You can also activate TEDMON from BASIC and vice versa. See Basic's MONITOR

command and TEDMON's X command.

The KERNAL is used by the Basic interpreter and other programs. Using KERNAL

routines requires a little machine language knowledge since it is required to use

processor registers for exchanging information between a KERNAL routine and the

routine caller. It is however possible to call KERNAL routines directly from Basic

with the use of the SYS command and the following memory positions: 2034=A,

2035=X, 2036=Y. For example, POKE 2034,23 and the accumulator will contain the

value 23 when the SYS command is started.

To call a KERNAL routine do as follows:

1. Set parameters.

2. Call KERNAL routine using JSR command (or SYS from Basic).

3. Handle any return error.

Note, that some routines need to be initialized with other routines before they

can be used. For example, using the SAVE routine requires initialization with

the SETLFS and SETNAM routines.

See the "KERNAL Jump Table" below for more information on available KERNAL

routines.

Basic example:

10 SYS DEC("FFE4") : REM "GETIN"

20 A=PEEK(2034) : IF A=0 THEN 10

30 A$ = CHR$(A)

Equals to:

10 GETKEY A$

KERNAL JUMP TABLE

Seems to be exactly the same as for the C64. Please consult the C64 programmer's

reference manual for parameters. Available on http://www.funet.fi/pub/cbm/c64/manuals/

Routine Address Function

CINT $FF81 Initializes screen editor.

IOINIT $FF84 Initializes I/O devices.

RAMTAS $FF87 Tests RAM.

RESTOR $FF8A Restores vectors to initial state.

VECTOR $FF8D Changes vectors for user.

SETMSG $FF90 Controls O.S. messages.

SECOND $FF93 Sends SA after LISTEN.

TKSA $FF96 Sends SA after TALK.

MEMTOP $FF99 Sets/reads top of memory.

MEMBOT $FF9C Sets/reads bottom of memory.

SCNKEY $FF9F Scans keyboard.

SETTMO $FFA2 Sets timeout in DMA disk.

ACPTR $FFA5 Handshakes serial bus or DMA disk byte in.

CIoUT $FFA8 Handshakes serial bus or DMA disk byte out.

UNTLK $FFAB Sends UNTALK out serial bus or DMA disk.

UNLSN $FFAE Sends UNLISTEN out serial bus or DMA disk.

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Commodore Computer C16 Manual de usuario Pagina 7

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